🖐 Psychological Characteristics of Problem Gamblers With and Without Mood Disorder

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The university research ethics board approved this study. First, problem and pathological gamblers with co-occurring mood disorders were more likely to be female, older relation became nonsignificant when controlling for recruitment status , and reported higher lifetime and past-year gambling severity scores. Our study was not without limitations. Journal List Can J Psychiatry v. Gamblers with a current mood disorder were no more likely to have received problem gambling treatment in their lifetime, report a lifetime or current AUD or SUD, or a past anxiety disorder. Seventeen participants We also assessed lifetime gambling-related suicidal ideation and or attempt, lifetime problem gambling treatment, current interest in problem gambling treatment, gender, age, race, educational attainment, employment status, marital status, and annual income. Find articles by Aleks Milosevic. This project relied on cross-sectional data and did not examine time sequence of mood disorders and gambling disorders. Sensation seeking and coping motives were not significant independent variables in either block 1 or 2, and all control variables were nonsignificant in block 2. Our findings indicate that personality variables are the most robustly associated characteristics to an increased vulnerability for co-occurring mood disorders. However, we feel the reliability of our personality variable findings is strengthened by our multivariate analyses, in which significant demographic variables contribute relatively less than personality variables to current mood disorders. Clinicians should be mindful of personality, impulsiveness, and gambling motivation factors that increase mood disorder vulnerability in problem and pathological gamblers. For the purposes of our study, we confined mood disorders to major depression and dysthymia. Block 1 included personality, impulsiveness, and motivations for gambling variables, and block 2 included control variables gender, recruitment status, age, and gambling severity. Participants were recruited from 2 nonclinical sources community members and university students , but analyses accounted for recruitment source whenever possible. All participants completed a written informed consent form prior to study enrolment. Our study focused on the 11 primary traits, which included the following: well-being cheerful disposition , social potency decisive and influential in social situations , achievement hardworking and persistent , social closeness sociable and enjoys interacting with others , stress reaction tense and sensitive to stress , aggression enjoys exploiting others , alienation believes others are out to harm them , control cautious and plans things out in detail , harm avoidance prefer safe activities , traditionalism high moral standards and value societal norms , and absorption sensitive to evocative stimuli in environment. These rates demonstrate that recruitment status community and clinical alone may not well differentiate the levels of psychiatric impairment experienced by problem gamblers. By comparison, clinical characteristic comparison research differentiating gamblers with and without AUDs, 18 SUDs, 19 , 20 anxiety disorders, 21 and PTSD 22 have shown more recent emphasis. A co-occurring mood disorder was associated with higher personality scores for alienation and stress reaction, lower scores for well-being, social closeness, and control, as well as higher impulsiveness scores for urgency and lack of premeditation, and lower sensation seeking scores. Future research using prospective data can examine psychological characteristics at baseline to distinguish which factors promote risk for co-occurring mood disorder development among problem gamblers, and whether these factors differentially influence the onset of mood and gambling disorders when assessing gambling disorder onset. We also did not examine the time sequence of mood and gambling disorder onset as our gambling severity measure NODS assessed time points of gambling behaviour age of first gambling and age of regular gambling and disorder status for past-year and lifetime. Mood disorders frequently co-occur with problem and pathological gambling, and they are associated with greater gambling severity. Past studies have investigated differences in these characteristics among problem and pathological gamblers 26 , 28 , 29 ; our project represents the first explicit comparison of differences in problem and pathological gamblers with and without co-occurring mood disorders. In addition, a co-occurring mood disorder was associated with differences on 3 UPPS subscales higher urgency, higher lack of premeditation, and lower sensation seeking , and higher motivations to gamble as a means of coping. We used different modalities to assess gambling severity self-report and co-occurring psychiatric disorders clinician-administered interview. There are no conflicts of interest to report. Gamblers with a co-occurring mood disorder were more likely to be female, older, recruited from the community, reported higher lifetime and past-year gambling severity, reported a greater likelihood of gambling-related suicidal ideation and or attempt, to have a current interest in problem gambling treatment, and were more likely to be diagnosed with a current anxiety disorder.

Language: English French. All values reported are means and standard deviations unless otherwise noted. It is recommended that clinicians treating problem and pathological gamblers with mood disorders be mindful of obstacles that may result from particular personality factors for example, impairments in interpersonal relationships owing to schemas related to alienation and social connectedness and consider incorporating elements of empirically supported treatments for example, interpersonal therapy, 44 short-term psychodynamic therapy, 45 and cognitive-behavioural therapy 46 that work on changing schemas and representations of self and others.

Participants were clinically interviewed at a university-based problem gambling research group in Ontario by a trained clinician using the SCID-P, 32 which uses DSMIV diagnostic criteria to ascertain current mood disorders current major depression or dysthymia and other Axis I psychiatric diagnoses for example, anxiety disorders or SUDs.

Age of participants ranged from 18 to 80 years old mean Nineteen per cent of participants met criteria for a current co-occurring mood disorder major depression and [or] dysthymia. Can J Psychiatry. Notably, this was cross-sectional research; therefore, we could not fully control for all potential unexamined variables.

Problem and pathological gambling status and severity were measured using the NODS. Our study examines psychological characteristics in problem gamblers with and without co-occurring mood personality traits of a compulsive gambler, an important gap in the research literature on problem gambling.

Problem and pathological gamblers with a current co-occurring mood disorder were more likely to be female, older, and to report higher lifetime and past-year gambling severity.

The only exclusion criteria were an inability to understand and or read English and a current and lifetime NODS score 31 of less than 3. These findings demonstrate that problem and pathological gamblers with mood disorders report differences on numerous personality measures, which adds to previous research demonstrating a relation between personality differences and mood disorder vulnerability in nongambling populations.

National Center for Biotechnology InformationU. These findings build on prior research that has highlighted https://smotri-kartinki.online/2020/casino-pier-2020-roller-coaster-in-water.html vulnerability to depression among females.

Participants with a co-occurring mood disorder reported lifetime gambling-related suicidal ideation or attempt nearly 5-fold as frequently as those without a co-occurring mood disorder, highlighting an even greater vulnerability to suicide among a population problem and pathological gamblers already at high risk.

Our findings highlight the predictive role that facets of personality have in vulnerability to current co-occurring mood disorders.

Multivariate logistic regression with and without control variables using personality, impulsiveness, and gambling motivation variables explaining co-occurring mood disorder status.

Note, both of these personality facets highlight likely impairments to schemas and behaviours related to social and interpersonal connectedness, factors associated with depression in nongambling populations.

We hypothesized that problem and pathological gamblers with co-occurring mood disorder diagnoses would report differential scores for measures of personality for example, lower well-being, lower social closeness, and higher alienationhigher scores for all impulsiveness variables, and differential scores for gambling motivations for example, higher coping motive scores.

The Kruskal—Wallis test was used for non-normally distributed annual income. No participants were diagnosed with cocaine abuse, sedative abuse or dependence, stimulus abuse or dependence, or hallucinogen abuse or dependence.

To date, the field of disordered gambling has given attention to the influence of psychological characteristics as risk factors for gambling disorder and higher levels of gambling severity, but our study represents the first examination of the influence of these factors to co-occurring mood disorders among this population.

Our study is the first to examine the independent and relative influence of psychological characteristics on co-occurring mood disorder status personality traits of a compulsive gambler problem and pathological gamblers. Chi-square and independent sample Student source tests were conducted to examine bivariate group differences among the following demographic variables: gender, recruitment status community or studentage, gambling severity, race, marital status, annual income, and years of education.

We also hypothesized that discrete psychological characteristics for example, personality variables would remain significantly related to co-occurring mood disorder status in multivariate analyses after controlling for relevant demographic variables.

People with co-occurring mood disorders reported differences for all 3 of the psychological characteristics measured: personality, trait impulsiveness, and gambling motivations. Student t tests were conducted to assess group differences for psychological characteristics personality, impulsiveness, and gambling motives by co-occurring mood disorder status.

Future research should examine whether behaviours and or maladaptive consequences link the interpersonal domain mediate the relation between personality and co-occurring mood disorders among problem and pathological gamblers.

Gamblers with a co-occurring mood disorder reported lower scores for well-being, social closeness, and control, and higher scores for alienation and stress reaction.

However, we felt that using the NODS, 31 the most widely used and validated gambling severity measure, 43 enhanced reliability, compared with using an adapted section of the clinical interview SCID Last, our project relied on members recruited from the community and local universities.

Motivations for gambling were assessed using the GMQ. Interpersonal-related facets of personality may be a particularly promising avenue for clinicians aiming to minimize mood and gambling problems. Demographic control variables gender, recruitment status, age, and past-year gambling severity were included in block 2.

Problem and pathological gamblers with co-occurring mood disorders represent a vulnerable group, reporting higher lifetime and past-year gambling severity. All authors have read and approved of this manuscript. Learn more here psychological characteristics considered for inclusion in multivariate analyses were analyzed in a correlation matrix.

We also acknowledge Ron Frisch for his assistance on this project. Bivariate differences for demographic, gambling characteristics, psychiatric, personality, impulsiveness, and gambling motivation variables by co-occurring mood disorder status. In addition, our project is the first to examine the relative contribution of personality, impulsiveness, and gambling motives on co-occurring mood disorder status among problem and pathological gamblers.

Find articles by Jamey J Lister. Our study examined the relation of psychological characteristics personality, trait impulsiveness, and gambling motives to current co-occurring mood disorder major depression and dysthymia status among problem and pathological gamblers. In summary, these findings highlight the relations between psychological characteristics and current co-occurring mood disorder among problem and pathological gamblers.

However, both personality MPQ 33 and trait impulsiveness UPPS 34 measures have shown stability, personality traits of a compulsive gambler by adulthood, 38 — 40 and are reliable trait-based measures that protect against state-dependent reporting biases.

The 2-block binary logistic regression included in block 1 the following: social closeness, alienation, sensation seeking, and coping motives. Our data highlights important conclusions regarding the influence of psychological characteristics on co-occurring mood disorders personality traits of a compulsive gambler problem and pathological gamblers.

Find articles by David M Ledgerwood.

Implications for treatment will be discussed. Co-occurring mood disorders among gamblers have been associated with negative consequences, including higher gambling severity 12 ; greater likelihood of problem gambling following treatment 13 ; needing more time to reach abstinence in treatment 7 , 8 ; being more likely to spend a significant amount of personal income on gambling activities 14 ; and reporting a heightened risk of suicidal ideation and attempt s. Dr Milosevic collected the data during his doctoral studies at the University of Windsor Department of Psychology. These findings highlight that interpersonal facets of personality contribute substantially to co-occurring mood disorder status. Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that personality factors lower social closeness and higher alienation contributed to the greatest likelihood of being diagnosed with a co-occurring mood disorder. Other anxiety disorder diagnoses were less frequently endorsed, but included panic disorder, agoraphobia, and obsessive—compulsive disorder. Not surprisingly, a less cheerful and optimistic personality well-being was the characteristic most strongly associated with a greater likelihood to be diagnosed with a current mood disorder in bivariate analyses; however, as well-being was highly correlated with numerous other predictors, the variable was removed from multivariate analyses. Participants with a co-occurring mood disorder also reported higher coping motives for gambling. Problem and pathological gamblers are 2 to 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with major depression and or dysthymia, compared with the general population. Clinicians treating problem and pathological gamblers with co-occurring mood disorders may enhance the therapeutic process by tailoring treatment protocols to address particular facets of personality schemas related to feeling alienated and [or] socially disconnected , behaviours urgent impulsiveness when in a negative mood state , and motivations gambling to cope with negative moods that are associated with increased vulnerability to co-occurring mood disorders among this population. Table 1 presents bivariate analyses for demographic, gambling severity, psychiatric comorbidities, personality, impulsiveness, and gambling motivation variables by mood disorder status. Problem and pathological gamblers are significantly more likely to experience mood disorders, compared with the general population. We did not include co-occurring anxiety disorder status which was the only co-occurring psychiatric disorder that differed significantly in bivariate analyses owing to overlapping etiology and symptom presentation for example, worry or rumination and fatigue with mood disorders. Personality was assessed using the MPQ. All authors contributed to the writing and data analysis processes during the preparation of this manuscript. When examining the relative contribution of psychological characteristics on co-occurring mood disorder status, we found that as participants reported lower scores for being sociable and interacting with others social closeness , and higher scores for thinking that others were out to harm or exploit them alienation , the more likely participants were to experience a co-occurring mood disorder. It is also recommended that mental health workers psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and social workers understand the differential influence that personality type, impulsiveness, and gambling motivations have on the likelihood of a current co-occurring mood disorder among problem and pathological gamblers. There were no significant bivariate differences for race, marital status, employment status, annual income, or years of education. It is also possible that unexamined variables for example, socioeconomic status, stress, and social support may have influenced the relation between gambling and mood disorders. Multivariate analyses consisted of a 2-block binary logistic regression analysis, which was conducted to examine the unique contribution of predictor variables to co-occurring mood disorder status. To date, research examining etiological factors and psychological characteristics associated with co-occurring mood disorders among problem and pathological gamblers has been limited. Previous research comparing problem and pathological gamblers with and without mood disorders has primarily focused on gender differences.